DHY 291 - Dental Hygiene III

1. Review basic human need theory as related to the dental hygiene process
   1. Compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory with nursing’s human needs theory to dental hygiene’s human needs conceptual model.
   2. Identify and define other paradigm concepts that impact the dental hygiene human needs conceptual model
   3. Define the 8 human needs related to dental hygiene care and describe their implications for dental hygienists
   4. For each of the 8 human needs, identify at least one related deficit and plan a dental hygiene intervention to meet the unmet need
   5. Discuss the relationship of human need theory to the dental hygiene process
   6. Describe the five stages of the dental hygiene process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
   7. Discuss the benefits of using the dental hygiene process as the core of professional practice
   8. Explain the importance of decision making in the dental hygiene process of care
   9. Note the similarities among processes such as the dental hygiene process, decision making, problem solving, and the scientific method
2. Develop a written treatment plan utilizing the dental hygiene process to assimilate examination data, socio-economic factors and patient human need theory
   1. Define dental hygiene prognosis and recall how the use of assessment helps to determine that prognosis
   2. Differentiate between periodontal risk factors for periodontal infection, risk factors for caries and periodontal disease as a risk factor in systemic diseases
   3. Recall the five classifications of the ASA Physical Status Classification System and define possible treatment considerations for each classification
   4. Outline the appropriate steps in planning dental hygiene care for the patient
   5. Discuss the concept of informed consent and the types of information that must be presented to the patient
   6. Discuss the 5 steps of the dental hygiene process
   7. Differentiate between a dental hygiene diagnosis and a dental diagnosis
   8. Discuss the limitations of the dental hygiene diagnosis
   9. Identify appropriate dental hygiene diagnosis supported by clinical assessment data
   10. Identify needed dental hygiene interventions as related to the dental hygiene diagnosis
   11. Apply human need theory to support decision making throughout the dental hygiene diagnostic process
   12. Use the dental hygiene diagnostic decision-making process to analyze patient problems
   13. Assemble assessment data from a variety of patient cases (including medical history, vital signs, intraoral and extraoral examinations and chartings, radiographic surveys, diagnostic casts, and the patient’s expectations).
   14. Discuss the purposes of developing a dental hygiene care plan
   15. Design a treatment plan best suited to the specific needs of each patient based on the established dental hygiene diagnosis
   16. Design at least one alternative plan for each case
   17. Design a case presentation format for each patient that meets (1) the legal requirements of informed consent and (2) the basic principles of interpersonal communication
   18. Design a logical sequence of planned appointments to fulfill the treatment plan for each case
   19. Identify priorities for treatment, including: (1) urgency, (2) existing etiological factors, (3) severity and extent of the condition, (4) individual patient requirements
   20. Discuss the importance of collaborating with other healthcare professionals during the planning phase of the dental hygiene process
   21. Discuss all pertinent factors influencing overall prognosis.
   22. Identify the essential criteria for determining treatment sequence
   23. Recall the essential factors influencing periodontal prognosis.
   24. Explain the general categories related to phases of treatment
3. Describe methods used to evaluate the status of the patient during and after active treatment suggesting modifications of the treatment plan as needed
   1. Record progress (Progress Notes) in terms of patient judgments, new clinical findings, and modifications in treatment
   2. Evaluate the success of treatment planning in relation to treatment goals, satisfactory solutions for the patient’s “Problem List,” and realistic expectations for both patient and dental hygienist
   3. Explain the professional and legal rationale for the evaluation of care
4. Discuss the role of dental insurance as an economic force which requires the cooperation of the patient, employer, provider, and insurer to enhance access and quality care
   1. Describe the four parties involved in prepaid dental care plans
   2. Identify types of prepaid dental care programs
   3. Discuss alternative dental care delivery services
   4. Relate ways in which dental insurance may enhance a dental practice
   5. Identify actions on the part of the dentist and/or staff that constitute fraud in dental pre-payment
5. Complete a standardized dental insurance form using ADA codes for diagnostic and non-surgical services
   1. Define common dental insurance terminology
   2. Explain the parts of an ADA approved claim form
   3. Explain the ADA code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature
   4. Describe Medicaid benefits
6. Discuss the signs and symptoms of substance abuse in dental patients and professionals, as well as the general population
   1. Identify the two categories of psychoactive agents
   2. Discuss the following terms: drug abuse, misuse, drug dependence, physical dependence, addiction, tolerance and abstinence syndrome
   3. Define addiction, habituation and dependence
   4. Discuss opiod analgesics with regard to drug abuse, effects, patterns of abuse, management of acute overdose and withdrawal, dental implications and common street drugs
   5. Discuss sedative hypnotic drugs, including alcohol, with regard to effects, pattern of abuse, management of acute overdose and withdrawal
   6. Describe central nervous system stimulants including names of agents abused, effects including oral, and management of acute overdose and withdrawal
   7. Recall effects of cocaine abuse
   8. Identify psychedelic drugs and the effects of each
   9. Recognize nitrous oxide as an abusive drug
   10. Identify nicotine as an abusive drug
7. Evaluate community resources for aid and treatment of substance abuse problems
   1. Discuss the “disease” concept as it applies to alcoholism/drug addiction
   2. NamIdentify the “12-step” (AA) recovery programs designed to help addicts deal with their addiction.
   3. Identify contact methods for drug and alcohol treatment programs in your community
8. Recognize characteristics of special needs patients and adaptive educational and clinical techniques to meet their needs
   1. Differentiate the following terms as related to special needs patients: impairment, disability, development disability, normalization and mainsteaming.
   2. Identify the objectives of the dental hygienist with regard to treating the disabled patient
   3. Review representative types of disabling conditions
   4. Relate the basic steps in pretreatment planning for the disabled patient in the private dental office
   5. Discuss means for providing a barrier-free environment in the area of
   6. Describe areas of considerations for the disabled patient.
   7. Discuss dental health care of the disabled patient in the areas of
   8. Describe the difference between type I, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
   9. Describe the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
   10. State the medications prescribed for the individual with diabetes
   11. Recognize a diabetic emergency and take appropriate action for management
   12. Understand the control of the diabetic condition through control of oral infections
   13. Develop client-centered dental hygiene care plans for the individual with diabetes
   14. Recognize oral complications of diabetes mellitus: salivary and oral changes, periodontal changes, infection and wound healing, tongue changes and opportunistic changes
   15. Apply the dental hygiene process of care to the individual with diabetes
   16. Discuss cardiovascular disease risk factors
   17. Discuss the oral complications associated with cardiovascular disease
   18. Complete an assessment of a client with cardiovascular disease
   19. Develop a dental hygiene care plan for clients with cardiovascular disease
   20. Determine a dental hygiene diagnosis related to the individual with cardiovascular disease
   21. Select alternative dental hygiene care procedures for the individual with cardiovascular disease
   22. Discuss the etiologies of mental retardation, autism, and Downs syndrome
   23. Describe the behavioral and physical characteristics of the client with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome
   24. Discuss the dental hygiene process of care used for a client with mental retardation, autism and Down syndrome
   25. Identify the factors to consider when planning educational interventions for a client with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome
   26. Outline an oral health instructional unit designed to overcome communication barriers inherent in the client with autism
   27. Describe medical conditions that may accompany Down syndrome and their effect on dental hygiene care
   28. Recognize the specific dental and oral manifestations seen in the client with Down syndrome
   29. Define the terms: paralysis, paresis, quadriplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia and triplegia
   30. List causes of disruption of spinal cord function
   31. Define spinal cord injury
   32. Describe spinal cord injury with regard to: characteristic signs and symptoms, potential secondary complications, dental hygiene care and chair and patient positions, application of four-hand techniques, a complete preventive program and use of mouth-hel
   33. Define: myelomeningocele, meningocele and spina bifida
   34. Describe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)
   35. Explain the systemic manifestations of HIV infection
   36. Identify the oral manifestations of HIV infection
   37. Discuss dental hygiene care for HIV-positive patients
   38. Identify the general signs and symptoms of cancer
   39. Describe the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma and its complications
   40. Discuss the oral complications of different types of cancer therapies
   41. List dental hygiene diagnoses associated with patients who have cancer
   42. Develop a dental hygiene care plan for patients with cancer
   43. List appropriate dental hygiene interventions for a patient with cancer
   44. State the five leading causes of blindness
   45. Discuss personal factors for the visually impaired patient
   46. Name the causes of hearing impairment
   47. List clues which can be used to identify a hearing problem
   48. Discuss the management of a hearing impaired patient during a dental hygiene appointment
   49. Discuss psychological and physical characteristics of the anorexic and bulimic patient
   50. Identify oral characteristics of the bulimic, anorexic, and bulimorexic patient
   51. Identify the components of a comprehensive assessment that should be used for patients with eating disorders
   52. Outline dental hygiene diagnoses and interventions to be considered for each oral manifestation associated with these eating disorders
   53. Outline an appropriate plan for education and oral management for bulimic and anorexic patients
   54. Identify treatment modalities for both reversible and irreversible oral manifestations of bulimia and/or anorexia
   55. List the etiological factors of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes).
   56. Discuss the occurrence of strokes and the symptoms and signs of them
   57. Develop a dental hygiene care plan for patients who have had a cerebrovascular accident
   58. Describe muscular dystrophies and the occurrence, characteristics and prognosis of the two most common types
   59. Discuss dental hygiene care for patients with a muscular dystrophy
   60. List the cause, occurrence and signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis.
   61. Outline an appropriate plan for education and oral management of a patient with myasthenia gravis
   62. Define multiple sclerosis
   63. Recall the occurrence, characteristics, categories and treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis
   64. List the characteristics of cerebral palsy
   65. Discuss the oral characteristics common in cerebral palsy patients
   66. Outline appropriate dental hygiene interventions for a patient with spastic cerebral palsy
   67. Recall Bell?s Palsy and its characteristics, medical treatment and dental hygiene interventions
   68. Describe the general manifestation of the body, face and oral cavity of the patient with Parkinson’s Disease
   69. Discuss Parkinson’s Disease and develop a client-centered dental hygiene care plan for the individual with Parkinson’s
   70. Identify the factors implicated in the cause of various joint diseases, including rheumatoid, juvenlie rheumatoid and osteo arthritis and degenerative joint disease
   71. Recall the occurrence, symptoms and signs, and medical treatment for the various types of joint diseases
   72. Determine a dental hygiene care plan for a patient with degenerative joint disease
   73. Define autorimmune disease and give definitions for systemic lupus erythematosus, gout, Sjogren?s disease and scleroderma
   74. Recall the general manifestations, oral characteristics and oral manifestations of each auto immune disease
   75. Outline a dental hygiene care plan for persons with systemic lupus erythematosus
   76. Describe the classifications of epileptic syndromes
   77. Recall the basic types of seizures and sub-categories within those types
   78. Discuss the etiology of epilepsy and clinical manifestations of seizures
   79. Outline the management of an epileptic patient during a dental hygiene appointment
   80. Explain the emergency care of a patient having a seizure during dental hygiene treatment
   81. Discuss the symptoms, treatment and dental hygiene care for patients with schizophrenia
   82. State the differences between the two major mood disorders, major depressive order and biopolar disorder
   83. Recall the characteristics of a major depressive episode
   84. Outline the three types of treatment for depression
   85. Plan for dental hygiene care for patients with depression
   86. Describe the phases and symptoms of bipolar disorder
   87. List appropriate treatment strategies for each phase of biopolar disease
   88. Develop a dental hygiene care plan for patients with bipolar disease
   89. Discuss the degrees of postpartem mood disturbances and the causes, symptoms and treatments for a patient with the most severe degree of disturbance
   90. Recall the recognized types of anxiety disorders
   91. Identify the accepted approaches to therapy for patients with anxiety disorders
   92. Develop a dental hygiene treatment plan for a patient with an anxiety disorder
   93. Explain the types of psychiatric emergencies that can occur and how the dental hygienist can prevent, prepare for and/or handle such emergencies
   94. Recall the genetic, psychosocial and environment factors influencing the development of alcoholism and/or substance abuse
   95. Outline the metabolism of alcohol
   96. List the recognized health hazards of alcohol abuse
   97. Discuss Fetal Alcohol Syndrome as to its etiology and physical characteristics
   98. Define Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
   99. Recall the predisposing factors, features and complications of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
   100. State the overall objective of treatment for a patient who abuses alcohol or drugs
   101. Discuss the recognized treatment for patients who abuse alcohol and drugs, including opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, CNS stimulants and nicotine
   102. Propose a dental hygiene treatment plan for a patient with an alcohol or substance abuse problem
   103. List the possible oral findings that may suggest a patient has a blood disorder
   104. Define anemia
   105. List the three classifications of anemias by general causes
   106. Recall the recognized clinical characteristics of anemia
   107. Discuss iron deficiency anemia
   108. Identify the recognized types of megaloblastic anemias
   109. Recall the etiologic factors, clinical findings and treatment of pernicious anemia
   110. Recall the etiologic factors, dietary factors and fetal development of foliate deficiency anemia
   111. Define sickle cell anemia
   112. Review the disease process, clinical course and oral implications of sickle cell anemia
   113. Define polycythemia
   114. Describe the three types of polycythemia
   115. Differentiate between leukopenia and leukocytosis
   116. List specific infections in which leukopenia occurs
   117. List the basic classifications of leukemias
   118. Discuss the disease process and effects of leukemias in the body
   119. Recall the treatments for leukemias and their effects on the oral cavity
   120. Plan a dental hygiene treatment plan for a patient with leukemia
   121. Identify the recognized types of hemorrhagic disordrs
   122. Discuss hereditory blood clotting disorders and differentiate between the most common types
   123. Name the recognized effects and long-term complications of hemophilias
   124. Design a dental hygiene care plan for a patient with Hemophilia A
   125. Define the following terms
   126. List the customary objectives to treating homebound patients
   127. Describe a home visit for a homebound patient, including preparation, instruments and equipment, approaching the patient and dental hygiene care and instructions
   128. Discuss the differences in the homebound patient and the helpless or unconscious patient
   129. List the recognized objectives of care for the helpless or unconscious patient
   130. Describe the toothbrush with suction attachment and the procedures for use of the brush
   131. Discuss the role of the dental hygienist in the care of the terminally ill patient
   132. Identify the recognized objectives of care for the terminally ill patient
   133. Recall general mouth care considerations for the terminally ill patient
   134. Outline an oral health instructional unit for care givers in a hospice
   135. List the customary questions to ask the asthmatic client prior to dental hygiene treatment
   136. Discuss possible alterations in dental hygiene care of older adults with asthma
   137. Relate the benefits of the use of nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation during dental hygiene treatment
   138. Discuss the role of stress at the dental hygiene appointment in precipitating an asthmatic episode
   139. Identify the signs/symptoms of an asthma attack
   140. Recall emergency procedures to use when a patient has an asthmatic episode
9. Demonstrate the influence of patient/clinician experiences as they pertain to professional growth opportunities.
   1. Create six written reflection papers that each document the accurate collection of patient data combined with the individual patient/clinician interaction that transpired; relate that to perceived professional growth on the part of the clinician for the express benefit of future patient care.